Substance Abuse: What are the signs?

Common Signs and Symptoms of Drug/ Substance Abuse Disorder

Recognising the early symptoms of substance abuse disorder is crucial for timely intervention. The condition affects an individual’s physical health, mental well-being, and social functioning. While symptoms may vary depending on the substance used, some patterns are common across most cases.

Behavioural and Emotional Symptoms

If you are concerned someone might be struggling with substance use, keep an eye out for these common behavioural and emotional warning signs:

• Sudden drop in work or academic performance
• Frequent and intense mood swings
• Irritability, aggression, or hostile behaviour
• Secretive behaviour or lying about substance use
• Withdrawal from family, friends, or responsibilities
• Loss of motivation or interest in daily activities
• Involvement in risky or illegal behaviours
• Increased conflict in relationships, including abusive patterns

Physical and Mental Health Symptoms

Substance use can also take a serious toll on a person’s physical and mental health, here are some signs that may indicate a deeper issue:

• Disrupted sleep patterns (insomnia or excessive sleep)
• Unexplained weight loss or gain
• Changes in appetite and eating habits
• Symptoms of anxiety or depression
• Slurred speech, poor coordination, or tremors (depending on the substance)

Commonly Abused Substances

Various legal and illegal substances can lead to addiction. Some of the most commonly abused substances include:

• Alcohol
• Marijuana
• Narcotics (e.g., heroin, morphine)
• Cocaine
• LSD and other hallucinogens
• Amphetamines
• Sedatives and benzodiazepines
• Methamphetamines (Meth)

Understanding these symptoms and the substances involved is the first step toward seeking professional substance abuse disorder treatment and preventing long-term harm.

Causes of Drug Abuse/Substance Use Disorder

Identifying the root causes of substance abuse disorder is essential for timely intervention and effective prevention. Rather than arising from a single factor, this condition typically develops through a combination of genetic predisposition, psychological vulnerabilities, and environmental influences.

Genetic and Biological Causes

Studies show that genetics may account for up to 60% of the risk of developing a substance abuse disorder. Individuals with a family history of addiction are significantly more prone to substance dependency, especially when paired with neurochemical imbalances.

Psychological and Emotional Factors

People struggling with mental health disorders, such as depression, bipolar disorder, or anxiety, often turn to substances for temporary relief. This self-medication pattern can quickly lead to dependency, creating a dual-diagnosis scenario that complicates treatment.

Environmental and Social Triggers

Exposure to substance use in early life, peer pressure, or trauma can all contribute to addiction. Factors like lack of parental supervision, emotional neglect, and poor community support also increase vulnerability.

Risk Factors for Substance Abuse Disorder

Not everyone exposed to drugs or alcohol develops a substance abuse disorder, but certain risk factors heighten the likelihood. Recognising these risks can help guide prevention strategies and timely interventions.

Common Risk Factors of substance abuse or drug abuse include:

• A family history of addiction
• Sleep disturbances or chronic insomnia
• Persistent chronic pain requiring long-term medication
• Financial stress or unemployment
• Major life events like divorce or loss of a loved one
• Tobacco dependence, often a gateway substance
• A toxic or unstable home environment
• Lack of parental attachment during childhood
• Ongoing relationship conflicts or emotional abuse

These risk factors often overlap and compound each other, pushing individuals toward harmful substance use patterns. Addressing these areas early can prevent escalation and support recovery.

‍What Are the Side Effects of Substance Abuse Disorder?

Substance abuse disorder side effects can be both immediate and long-term, affecting nearly every system in the body. These side effects may vary depending on the types of substance used, frequency, and overall health of the individual. However, the consequences are often severe and can be life-threatening without intervention.

Physical Side Effects of Substance Abuse Disorder

Substance abuse disorder side effects often manifest in various physical health complications that worsen over time if left unaddressed.

• Liver damage (especially with alcohol abuse)
• Cardiovascular issues like increased blood pressure and heart attacks
• Respiratory problems from smoking or inhalant use
• Weight loss or gain due to appetite changes
• Neurological impairment, seizures, or stroke
• Gastrointestinal distress and nausea

Mental and Emotional Side Effects of Substance Abuse Disorder

In many cases, substance abuse disorder side effects severely affect an individual’s emotional stability, cognitive function, and mental well-being.

• Anxiety, panic attacks, and paranoia
• Persistent depression and emotional numbness
• Cognitive decline and memory loss
• Psychotic episodes, hallucinations, or delusions
• Increased risk of suicidal thoughts or self-harm
• Social withdrawal and emotional instability

If left untreated, these substance abuse disorder side effects can significantly impair daily functioning, strain relationships, and even lead to irreversible health damage. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for recovery and long-term wellness.

How to Overcome Addiction?

While it’s an extremely difficult task to stop dependence on drugs or alcohol, there are several ways to overcome drug addiction. The treatment depends on the severity of the condition and the substance used. The common ways to overcome addiction include:

• Psychotherapy: It includes balanced meetings with a professional guide who offers progressive help and oversees the intensity of drug reliance.
• Self-help groups: Here, patients have close connections with other patients who are experiencing compulsive issues. They share each other’s story and frequently go about as an inspiration when recovering from their addiction.
• Help with medications: There are prescription medicines accessible to control desires for substances, which also include standard checking and directing.

Cadabam’s Anunitha gives treatment for illicit drug use, which includes a blend of conduct and intellectual methodology in giving a compelling recovery from habit, which regularly includes care at every individual level.

How Is Substance Abuse Disorder Diagnosed?

Diagnosing substance abuse disorder is a structured, evidence-based process conducted by qualified mental health professionals. The aim is to evaluate the severity of the condition, identify any co-occurring mental health issues, and guide the development of an effective treatment plan.

The standard diagnostic process includes the following components:

• Psychological Assessment: Clinicians conduct structured interviews and use diagnostic tools like the DSM-5 criteria to evaluate substance use patterns, emotional health, behavioural changes, and functional impairments caused by the disorder.
• Medical Evaluation: A thorough physical examination is performed to identify any physiological effects of prolonged substance use. This may include tests for liver function, cardiovascular health, neurological issues, and other related complications.
• Substance Use History: A detailed review of the individual’s medical, social, and behavioural history helps determine when substance use began, what substances are involved, and how usage patterns have evolved over time.
• Dual Diagnosis Screening: Many individuals with substance abuse disorder also experience mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, or bipolar disorder. Dual diagnosis screening ensures that both the addiction and any underlying psychiatric disorders are addressed together.

A clear and accurate diagnosis is critical in designing a personalised substance abuse disorder treatment plan that supports long-term recovery and psychological well-being.

Treatment for Drug Addiction/Substance Use Disorder

Effective substance abuse disorder treatment requires a comprehensive and personalised approach, addressing both the physical dependency and underlying psychological triggers. Treatment plans are often multidisciplinary, combining behavioural therapies, medications, and structured rehabilitation programs.

Here are the most widely used and evidence-based treatment options:

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is one of the most widely used and effective substance abuse disorder treatments​. It helps individuals identify and challenge harmful thought patterns and behaviours that contribute to substance use. Through CBT, people learn practical coping strategies to manage cravings, avoid triggers, and navigate high-risk situations without relapsing. The therapy also focuses on building emotional resilience and problem-solving skills, making it a valuable tool for both short-term recovery and long-term relapse prevention.

Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET)

Motivational Enhancement Therapy is a short-term, client-focused approach designed to strengthen an individual’s internal motivation to change. Rather than confronting the person about their substance use, MET encourages open dialogue to explore personal goals and resolve ambivalence. This therapy is especially effective in the early phases of substance abuse disorder treatment, helping individuals build the confidence and commitment needed to take meaningful steps toward recovery. It’s often used alongside other therapies to support long-term behavioural change.

Contingency Management

Contingency management is a behavioural therapy that uses a structured reward system to encourage positive actions during recovery. Individuals receive incentives, such as vouchers or small prizes, for meeting specific goals like attending therapy sessions, passing drug tests, or staying abstinent. This approach helps reinforce healthy habits and can significantly improve motivation, especially in the early stages of substance abuse disorder treatment. By linking progress to immediate, tangible rewards, contingency management boosts engagement and supports long-term recovery success.

The 12-Step Program

The 12-step program is one of the most well-known approaches to treating substance abuse disorder, made popular by support groups like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA). It offers a clear, step-by-step framework to help individuals accept their condition, take responsibility for their actions, and commit to recovery. While it includes elements of spiritual growth, it’s not strictly religious and can be adapted to personal beliefs. Group meetings provide a strong sense of community, where individuals draw strength from shared experiences and long-term peer support, both of which play a key role in maintaining sobriety.

Medications

Medications are often used to reduce cravings, manage withdrawal symptoms, and treat co-occurring mental health disorders. Common medications include methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone, especially for opioid and alcohol-related addictions.

Medical Detox and Medication

Medical detox is often the first step in substance abuse disorder treatment, especially for individuals with long-term or severe dependency. It involves supervised withdrawal under the care of medical professionals to ensure safety and manage any physical or psychological complications.

During detox, medications may be prescribed to help ease withdrawal symptoms, reduce cravings, and stabilise the individual. Commonly used medications include methadone and buprenorphine for opioid addiction, naltrexone for alcohol or opioid use, and disulfiram to discourage alcohol consumption.

This clinical approach supports physical recovery while also preparing individuals for further therapy by allowing them to engage in treatment with a clearer mind and more stable health. Medical detox is most effective when followed by ongoing therapy and relapse prevention support.

Long-Term Residential Programs

These are intensive, live-in treatment settings that provide round-the-clock care and structured therapy. They are ideal for individuals with severe addictions or those with multiple relapses.

Outpatient Programs

Outpatient programs offer flexibility for individuals who need to maintain work, school, or family responsibilities. Therapy sessions and check-ins are scheduled during the day, allowing the person to return home after treatment.

Inpatient Programs

Inpatient rehabilitation involves staying at a substance abuse disorder treatment​ facility for a defined period, typically 28 to 90 days. It offers a highly structured environment, medical supervision, and 24/7 support to manage withdrawal and early recovery safely.

Each of these substance abuse disorder treatment options may be used alone or in combination, depending on the individual’s needs. At Cadabam’s, a multidisciplinary team evaluates each case to craft a personalised plan that promotes long-term recovery and reduces the risk of relapse.

How to Support a Loved One with Substance Abuse Disorder

Supporting someone with substance abuse disorder requires empathy, patience, and informed action. While you can't force recovery, your support can greatly influence their willingness to seek help.

• Educate yourself – Learn about substance abuse to better understand their behaviour and needs.
• Communicate openly – Have honest, non-judgmental conversations without criticism or blame.
• Set healthy boundaries – Protect your well-being while avoiding enabling harmful behaviour.
• Encourage professional help – Gently guide them toward evidence-based substance abuse disorder treatment​ options.
• Be patient and consistent – Stay supportive even through setbacks or relapses.
• Look after your own mental health – Seek support for yourself to manage stress and emotional fatigue.

Overcoming Substance Abuse Disorder with Expert Care at Cadabam’s

With over two decades of psychiatric excellence, extensive research capabilities, a contemporary setting, and international-grade treatment procedures, Cadabam’s is the pioneer in offering comprehensive mental health services in the country. The centre offers specialised programs and holistic healing techniques that enable the individual to see and experience the brighter aspects of life beyond addiction or substance abuse.

A thorough medication process, ongoing counselling sessions, a biochemical restoration process, personalised nutrition programmes, and recreational activities come together to address and eliminate diverse health conditions from the roots. A host of aftercare services and one-on-one counselling sessions are also offered to track individual progress.

The multidisciplinary team and empathetic staff members create a cohesive environment with a home-away-from-home feeling to help individuals relax, rewind, and rejuvenate to spring back to life with enthusiasm.

Disclaimer: We strive to treat our patients with dignity and utmost sensitivity. We understand that substance abuse disorder is a disease, and that it is not a sign of weakness. Terms like drug addict, drug abuser, or drug addiction are used not in a derogatory way, but to remain relevant to user search trends and common usage.

It is important to note that substance abuse should be referred to as ‘substance use disorder’ to better address the effects of this psychological condition. Words like addict, junkie, etc should be avoided. 

If you are searching for a solution to your problem, Cadabam’s Anunitha’s De-Addiction Centre can help you with its team of specialised experts. We have been helping thousands of people live healthier and happier lives for 30+ years. We leverage evidence-based approaches and holistic treatment methods to help individuals effectively manage their substance abuse. Get in touch with us today. You can call us at +91 96111 94949.‍

FAQs

What are the early symptoms of substance abuse disorder?

Early substance abuse disorder symptoms may include mood swings, changes in appetite, sleep disturbances, lack of motivation, secrecy, and declining work or academic performance. These signs often appear gradually and can escalate without timely intervention.

What are the most commonly abused substances?

Commonly abused substances include alcohol, marijuana, opioids, benzodiazepines, cocaine, methamphetamines, LSD, and sedatives. The types of substances often influence the substance abuse disorder treatment​ method and potential substance abuse disorder side effects.

Can substance abuse lead to psychosis?

When substances like PCP or cocaine are abused, they can trigger psychosis symptoms that can last for many weeks. Long-lasting psychosis can also occur due to underlying mental health issues like bipolar or schizophrenic disorders.

What is the difference between substance misuse and substance abuse?

Drug abuse usually happens after drug misuse, even though the two are completely separate units. Signs of drug misuse include taking too much of the substance, taking it for other reasons than the ones prescribed, or accepting the medicine from a friend. Signs of drug abuse include taking it to feel “high”, developing a tolerance to the substance, taking it even though it doesn’t treat any ailments, and not thinking about the severe consequences that come with abusing the drug.  

What are the benefits of long-term residential substance abuse disorder treatment​?

Long-term residential programs provide structured, 24/7 care in a supportive environment. They are effective for individuals with severe addiction or multiple relapses, offering a combination of therapy, medication management, and life skills training.