Krokodil (Desomorphine): Understanding the Perils of a Potent Illicit Drug

Krokodil, also known as desomorphine, has earned a notorious reputation as one of the most dangerous illicit drugs in the world. Its rapid and devastating effects on the human body have made it infamous, particularly in regions where it is commonly abused.  

Despite its high potential for harm, it continues to be consumed recreationally, leading to an increase in addiction, physical harm and even death. This article looks at the various aspects of krokodil, including its history, effects, risks and treatment options for users. 

What is Krokodil (Desomorphine)? 

Krokodil, chemically known as desomorphine, is an opioid that is similar in its effects to morphine. It is often illicitly produced using a variety of harmful chemicals and is notorious for the severe damage it causes to the body. Though originally developed as a medical alternative to morphine, it is now better known as a dangerous street drug due to its widespread abuse and toxic effects. 

Brief History and Origin of Krokodil (Desomorphine) 

Desomorphine was first synthesised in the 1930s by an American chemist in search of a less addictive alternative to morphine. However, its potential was eclipsed by the emergence of other opioid drugs. It was not until the early 2000s that krokodil became popular in Russia, where it was discovered as a cheap alternative to heroin. This cheap production method, combined with its powerful effects, meant that krokodil was popular on the streets despite its highly destructive effects. 

Chemical Composition and Production of Krokodil 

Krokodil is typically produced by a process known as "cooking," where crude ingredients are combined to synthesise the drug. These ingredients are often toxic and can cause severe harm not only to the user but also to those involved in the drug's production. 

Ingredients and Synthesis Process for Desomorphine 

• Codeine (often obtained from over-the-counter medications) 

• Red phosphorus 

• Iodine 

• Hydrochloric acid 

• Solvents such as paint thinner or gasoline 

The drugs are mixed in a simple procedure to produce desomorphine, and the user injects it. The purity of the drug is extremely unreliable, but the drug is usually combined with other dangerous chemicals, which makes it extremely dangerous in its effects. 

Uses of Krokodil (Desomorphine) 

Krokodil is primarily used recreationally as a potent opioid. It is known to provide a quick and intense high, similar to heroin, but with far more damaging consequences. The drug is typically injected, though it can also be smoked or ingested in other forms. 

• Pain relief (similar to morphine) 

• Euphoria and intense "rush" 

• Addictive properties leading to rapid dependence 

• Street use as a cheaper alternative to heroin

Different Street Names of Krokodil 

Krokodil is known by several street names, particularly in areas where it is most commonly abused. These names include: 

• Croc 

• Krok 

• Krokodil 

• Russian Magic 

• Desomorphine 

The different names help users identify the drug in the black market, but they also serve to downplay the dangerous nature of Krokodil, contributing to its continued abuse. 

Symptoms of Krokodil Use 

The use of Krokodil can cause a wide range of physical and psychological symptoms. These symptoms vary depending on the individual and the severity of their addiction. 

Physical Symptoms

The physical toll of Krokodil is immediate and severe, often resulting in life-threatening complications. 

• Severe tissue damage, often leading to necrosis 

• Skin ulcers and open sores 

• Infection at injection sites 

• Gangrene 

• Respiratory depression 

• Liver and kidney damage 

Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms 

Beyond physical damage, Krokodil deeply affects the mind, triggering dangerous shifts in behaviour and mood.

• Intense euphoria followed by depression 

• Aggression and irritability 

• Paranoia and hallucinations 

• Impulsive behaviour 

• Severe mood swings 

• Anxiety 

Comparison between Krokodil (Desomorphine) and Morphine

While both are opioids, a closer comparison reveals just how much more harmful Krokodil truly is, highlighting its extreme potency and destructive health impact.

Property: Potency
Krokodil (Desomorphine): More potent
Morphine: Less potent

Property: Duration of Effect
Krokodil (Desomorphine): Shorter lasting
Morphine: Longer lasting

Property: Risk of Addiction
Krokodil (Desomorphine): Extremely high
Morphine: High

Property: Injection Site Damage
Krokodil (Desomorphine): Severe, leading to necrosis
Morphine: Less severe

Property: Side Effects
Krokodil (Desomorphine): Extreme tissue damage, infections
Morphine: Nausea, drowsiness, constipation

Property: Legal Status
‍Krokodil (Desomorphine): Illegal in most countries
‍Morphine: Prescribed medication

Impact of Krokodil on the Human Body 

The effects of Krokodil use are both immediate and long-term, with severe consequences for the body. While the initial high may seem rewarding, the long-term impact is devastating. 

Immediate Impacts 

• Immediate euphoric high 

• Intense sedation and relaxation 

• Short-lasting effects that prompt users to inject more frequently 

• Increased risk of overdose 

Long-term Health Consequences 

• Chronic liver and kidney damage 

• Permanent tissue damage, often requiring amputations 

• Mental health deterioration, including permanent brain damage 

• Increased risk of infections, including HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis C 

• Death from overdose or systemic failure 

The Dangers and Risks Associated with Krokodil Use 

Krokodil is notorious for its dangerous effects on the human body, which can be both physical and mental. These risks are compounded by the fact that the drug is often mixed with other toxic substances during its production. 

Physical Health Risks 

The short-term effects of Krokodil bring a rapid, intense high that quickly leads to dangerous consequences.

• Extensive tissue damage leading to limb amputations 

• Risk of fatal overdose 

• Permanent damage to blood vessels and organs 

• Increased likelihood of infections at injection sites 

• Respiratory depression and arrest 

• Cardiac arrest 

Mental Health Implications 

Prolonged use of Krokodil devastates the body, leading to irreversible organ, tissue, and mental damage.

• Chronic anxiety and paranoia 

• Cognitive impairment and memory loss 

• Severe mood swings and depression 

• Psychotic episodes and hallucinations 

• Heightened risk of suicide and self-harm 

Krokodil vs. Morphine: A Comparative Analysis 

Krokodil (desomorphine) and morphine are both opioids, but they differ considerably in terms of potency, duration, effect and risks. Morphine, a proven medical opioid, is used to treat pain under strict medical supervision. In contrast, krokodil is an illegally produced drug with highly toxic ingredients that can lead to serious health complications. 

Potency and Duration of Effects 

Krokodil is far more potent than morphine, delivering a faster and more intense high. However, the effects wear off much more quickly, leading to a cycle of repeated use and a higher risk of overdose. 

Addiction and Withdrawal 

Krokodil is highly addictive, and withdrawal symptoms are extremely painful. In comparison to morphine, the withdrawal process from Krokodil is often more intense and prolonged, with users experiencing severe physical and psychological distress. 

Legal Status and Global Prevalence of Krokodil 

Krokodil is illegal in most countries, and its production, sale, and distribution are considered criminal activities. Despite its legal status, the drug remains prevalent in certain regions, particularly in parts of Eastern Europe and Russia, where it is abused as a cheaper alternative to heroin. 

Legal Classification in Various Countries 

The legal response to Krokodil varies globally, with most nations enforcing strict bans and penalties.

• Russia: Classified as illegal and subject to harsh penalties. 

• United States: Not approved for medical use and illegal for recreational use. 

• European Union: Banned under the Narcotic Drugs Control Act. 

• Canada: Classified as a controlled substance. 

Patterns of Abuse Worldwide 

Despite legal restrictions, Krokodil continues to surface in several regions, especially where heroin access is limited.

• Russia: Most prevalent, with reports of widespread abuse. 

• Eastern Europe: Increasing use in countries such as Ukraine and Georgia. 

• United States: Less common but still present in certain regions.

Treatment and Recovery Options for Krokodil Users 

Recovery from Krokodil addiction involves an extensive treatment regimen that covers the physical and psychological dimensions of addiction. Detoxification and medical care are essential in treating withdrawal symptoms, whereas psychological counselling enables users to deal with the forces behind addiction. 

Medical Detoxification: The Initial Step 

Medical detoxification is the first step in treating Krokodil addiction. It involves the safe and supervised removal of the drug from the body while managing withdrawal symptoms. 

Managing Pain and Withdrawal Symptoms 

• Medications to ease pain and discomfort 

• Constant monitoring for complications 

• Gradual reduction in opioid dosage 

Monitoring for Complications

• Close supervision to prevent complications from overdose or organ failure 
• Management of heart and respiratory function 

Treating Physical Damage and Infections 

Beyond detox, addressing the drug’s physical toll is crucial for long-term recovery and survival.

• Regular wound care to prevent infections 

• Surgical interventions for severe tissue damage 

• Antibiotics to treat infections 

Wound Care and Infection Control 

• Cleaning and dressing of open sores 

• Use of antibiotics to combat infection 

Surgical Solutions for Severe Tissue Damage 

• Amputations in cases of irreversible tissue damage 

• Plastic surgery to repair damage to the skin and tissues 

Psychological Support and Therapy 

Mental health treatment plays a vital role in helping users rebuild after the trauma of addiction.

• Individual therapy to address addiction triggers 

• Group therapy to foster support from peers 

Individual Therapy: Addressing Addiction Triggers 

• Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) to address thought patterns 

• Trauma therapy for underlying psychological issues 

Group Therapy and Peer Support 

• Encouragement and motivation from others in recovery 

• Sharing experiences and strategies for overcoming addiction 

Support and Rehabilitation Services 

Long-term recovery is facilitated through continuous counselling sessions and therapeutic support. Additionally, involvement in structured support groups helps individuals maintain sobriety and prevent relapse. 

Structured Aftercare Programs 

• Continuous care after initial treatment 

• Relapse prevention strategies 

Relapse Prevention Strategies 

• Education on coping mechanisms 

• Support from therapists and addiction specialists 

Seeking Professional Help for Krokodil Addiction 

Krokodil addiction is a serious condition that requires professional intervention. Treatment should be customised by considering the severity of the addiction and the physical damage caused by the drug. Early treatment can prevent long-term damage and increase the chances of a successful recovery. 

Break Free from Krokodil Addiction with Cadabam's Expert Guidance 

Addiction to Krokodil is a grave concern for people involved in addiction as well as for their loved ones. Hence, it is quite essential to seek help from experienced professionals. Cadabam's Anunitha is a one-of-a-kind addiction centre in India with more than 30 years of experience in helping individuals get back to their lives. Here, we offer expert guidance and support, helping individuals navigate the recovery process and break free from the devastating grip of Krokodil. 

Remember, with the right treatment, recovery is possible, and a healthier, drug-free life is within reach. 

If you are searching for a solution to your problem, Cadabam’s Anunitha’s De-Addiction Centre can help you with its team of specialised experts. We have been helping thousands of people live healthier and happier lives for 30+ years. We leverage evidence-based approaches and holistic treatment methods to help individuals effectively address Desomorphine (Krokodil) Drug Addiction. Get in touch with us today. You can call us at +91 96111 94949.

FAQs

Why is Krokodil called the "flesh-eating drug"? 

Krokodil is referred to as the "flesh-eating drug" due to its toxic ingredients, which cause severe tissue damage, infections, and gangrene. Necrosis develops rapidly, leading to rotting skin, exposing bones, and, in extreme cases, requiring amputation. 

How does Krokodil compare to morphine? 

Krokodil is more potent but significantly shorter-acting than morphine. Unlike medically regulated morphine, Krokodil contains harmful impurities, causing severe tissue damage and rapid addiction. Withdrawal symptoms are more intense, and the illicit nature makes overdose and long-term health consequences more dangerous. 

Is there treatment available for Krokodil addiction? 

Yes, treatment is available and involves medical detoxification, wound care, infection control, and psychological therapy. Rehabilitation programs, counselling, and structured aftercare services are also provided to help individuals recover and prevent relapse through long-term support. 

What are the effects of Krokodil on the human body? 

Severe physical deterioration occurs due to Krokodil use, including skin ulceration, necrosis, infections, and organ failure. Psychological effects such as depression and cognitive impairment are also experienced, making recovery difficult without medical and therapeutic intervention.