Your Guide to Adjustment Disorder Treatment & Care

Major life events, such as job loss or relationship problems, can trigger intense emotional stress. When this stress becomes unmanageable, an adjustment disorder can develop, affecting mental well-being and daily life. In this article, we will discuss adjustment disorder and everything you need to know about this condition. 

What Is Adjustment Disorder? 

An adjustment disorder is a mental illness that is triggered by significant stress factors and leads to excessive emotional or behavioural reactions. Unlike generalised stress or anxiety, it is directly related to specific life events and usually resolves as soon as the person has adapted to the situation. 

The Impact of Adjustment Disorder on Daily Life 

People with an adjustment disorder often find it challenging to maintain a stable daily routine. Simple tasks can feel overwhelming, and productivity can decrease. Work performance, relationships, and social interactions are often impaired, leading to increased emotional stress and potential long-term mental health problems. 

Types of Adjustment Disorders 

There are different types of adjustment disorders, each characterised by various emotional and behavioural symptoms based on the individual's response to stress.  

Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood 

This type is characterised by persistent sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of motivation. Those affected may lose interest in activities that they used to enjoy. Tiredness and difficulty concentrating are common, which often lead to disruptions in private and professional life. 

Adjustment Disorder with Anxiety 

Feelings of excessive worry, restlessness, and nervousness characterise this type. Those affected often have difficulty making decisions and react more sensitively to stress. Physical symptoms such as headaches, muscle tension, and sleep disorders are frequently reported by those affected. 

Adjustment Disorder with Disturbance of Conduct 

Behavioural problems such as aggression, defiance, and reckless behaviour are common in this type. Those affected may have problems with impulse control and display destructive behaviour. Relationships and social interactions often suffer, leading to conflict in personal, school, or work environments. 

Adjustment Disorder with Mixed Disturbance of Emotions and Conduct 

In this type, a combination of emotional and behavioural disorders is observed. Those affected may experience anxiety, depression, and impulsive behaviour at the same time. Social withdrawal, irritability, and difficulties in coping with tasks contribute to significant challenges in daily life. 

Adjustment Disorder Unspecified 

In this type, emotional and behavioural symptoms are present but cannot be classified into specific subtypes. Individuals may experience a mixture of despair, anxiety, or mood swings with no clear pattern. The unpredictability of the symptoms often makes diagnosis and treatment difficult. 

Symptoms of Adjustment Disorder 

The adjustment disorder symptoms vary depending on the individual's response to stress and affect emotions, physical health, and behaviour in different ways. In many individuals, especially where anxiety and adjustment disorder occur together, emotional distress can fluctuate with the intensity of the stressor or situation involved.

Emotional Symptoms 

Persistent sadness, excessive worry, and mood swings are common emotional symptoms. Feelings of hopelessness, irritability, and increased sensitivity to stress can occur. Emotional instability often makes it difficult for those affected to cope with challenges, leading to increased feelings of frustration and helplessness. 

Physical Symptoms 

Headaches, fatigue, and muscle tension are frequently reported. Sleep disturbances, including insomnia or excessive sleep, may occur. Changes in appetite leading to weight fluctuations are also observed. The body reacts to prolonged stress with symptoms that additionally contribute to emotional distress and reduced well-being. 

Behavioural Symptoms 

Social withdrawal, inconsiderate behaviour, and difficulties in taking responsibility are frequently observed. There may be avoidance of stressful situations or increased dependence on substances. Impulsiveness and outbursts of anger can have a negative impact on relationships and make it difficult to adapt to changes and challenges in life. 

Causes of Adjustment Disorder 

A combination of chronic stressors, major life events, environmental influences, and personal vulnerabilities contributes to the development of an adjustment disorder. 

Chronic Stressors 

Long-term stressors, such as ongoing financial difficulties, pressure at work, or caring responsibilities, increase the risk of an adjustment disorder. The constant burden of stress prevents the individual from recovering and makes it challenging to restore emotional balance. Persistent uncertainty and tension can gradually lead to emotional exhaustion. 

Major Life Events 

Major life changes, such as the loss of a loved one, a divorce, or a move, often act as triggers. The sudden disruption of stability leads to emotional turmoil that makes adjustment difficult. Even positive changes, such as marriage or career advancement, can lead to overwhelming stress reactions. Among the most common adjustment disorder causes, sudden or unexpected life disruptions often play a major role in triggering emotional and behavioural responses.

Social and Environmental Factors 

Unstable living conditions, lack of social support, and the experience of violence or abuse contribute to adjustment difficulties. A toxic work environment, bullying, or cultural shifts can exacerbate stress. If external circumstances continue to be unfavourable, the ability to adapt becomes increasingly difficult, leading to prolonged emotional struggles. 

Personality Traits and Vulnerability 

Individuals with high sensitivity, perfectionist tendencies, or pre-existing mental illness are more vulnerable. Limited coping mechanisms and low resilience make adaptation more difficult. Individuals with a history of trauma or insecure attachments may have significant problems when confronted with stress, increasing their risk of adjustment disorder. 

Risk Factors for Adjustment Disorders 

Certain factors increase the likelihood of developing an adjustment disorder. These may include: 

• A history of mental health problems – people with anxiety or depression are more susceptible. 

• Lack of social support – Isolation or weak support systems exacerbate distress. 

• High-stress occupations – occupations with constant pressure can lead to maladaptive stress responses. 

• Low resilience and coping skills – Difficulty dealing with or coping with change increases vulnerability. 

What Are the Complications of Adjustment Disorders? 

If this condition is left untreated, an adjustment disorder can lead to further complications, such as: 

• Chronic anxiety or depression – Symptoms can persist and develop into long-term conditions. 

• Substance abuse – Increased dependence on alcohol or drugs to cope. 

• Impaired social and occupational functioning – Difficulties at work, school, or in relationships. 

• Increased risk of suicidal thoughts – Severe cases can escalate without intervention. 

Diagnosis of Adjustment Disorder- DSM-5 criteria 

According to DSM-5, a diagnosis requires the onset of symptoms within three months of a stressor. Adjustment disorder symptoms must significantly interfere with daily life but should not fulfil the criteria for other mental illnesses. Mental health professionals often clarify and define adjustment disorder during diagnosis by identifying whether emotional or behavioural symptoms are directly linked to a recent stressor. 

Clinical Evaluation 

Mental health professionals carry out detailed assessments to understand the nature and severity of the symptoms. Personal and medical history, current stressors, and emotional reactions are examined. Through questioning, professionals determine whether the symptoms are indicative of an adjustment disorder or other mental illness. 

Psychological Questionnaires & Tests 

Standardised screening instruments are used to assess emotional distress, coping skills, and the severity of symptoms. Questionnaires help to differentiate adjustment disorders from other psychiatric disorders. Self-reported experiences, behavioural patterns, and stress reactions provide valuable information for diagnosis and treatment planning. 

Treatment Options for Adjustment Disorder 

A combination of therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes helps individuals to manage their symptoms and adapt better to life's challenges. 

Psychotherapy 

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is often used to help people develop coping strategies. Therapy sessions focus on recognising negative thought patterns and emotional triggers. Supportive counselling or group therapy can also provide relief by promoting resilience and emotional regulation. 

Medication 

In severe cases, antidepressants or anti-anxiety medication may be prescribed. These medications help to stabilise mood and reduce excessive stress reactions. However, medication is usually only a short-term solution and is often combined with psychotherapy to achieve long-term success. 

Lifestyle and Coping Strategies 

Regular exercise, mindfulness practices, and maintaining a structured routine improve emotional stability. Engaging in hobbies, socialising with supportive people, and using stress management techniques contribute to overall well-being. Developing healthy coping mechanisms strengthens resilience to future stressors and reduces the severity of symptoms. 

Adjustment Disorder in Children vs. Adults 

Although adjustment disorders affect both children and adults, the symptoms and coping mechanisms differ according to age, emotional development, and life experience. The table below shows the main differences in how adjustment disorders manifest themselves in each group.  

Symptoms in Children 

Children with adjustment disorders often show increased emotional sensitivity. Frequent mood swings, excessive crying, and defiant behaviour are common. Sleep disturbances, changes in appetite, and difficulties at school may occur. Some children withdraw from social contact, while others show aggression or attention-seeking behaviour. 

Symptoms in Adults 

Adults suffer from persistent sadness, hopelessness, or increased anxiety. Increased irritability, difficulty concentrating, and loss of motivation interfere with daily functioning. Avoidance of responsibilities, withdrawal from relationships, and resorting to unhealthy coping mechanisms such as alcohol or drug use are often observed in people struggling with adjustment disorders. 

Adjustment Disorder vs. Acute Stress Disorder 

Both acute stress disorder and adjustment disorder develop in response to stress, but the type of stressor, timing of symptoms, and overall duration distinguish them. Adjustment disorder typically arises from significant life changes such as job loss, relationship difficulties, or relocation. The emotional response is linked to the individual’s struggle to adapt, often leading to sadness, anxiety, or behavioural changes. Symptoms usually appear within three months of the stressor and gradually improve as coping strategies develop or circumstances stabilise.

Acute stress disorder, however, occurs in response to a traumatic event such as an accident, assault, or sudden life-threatening situation. Symptoms are more intense and may include dissociation, flashbacks, nightmares, and hypervigilance. These reactions emerge within days of the trauma and generally resolve within a month. If left unaddressed, acute stress disorder may progress into post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), making early recognition and support essential. Understanding these differences ensures individuals receive the appropriate intervention and guidance for recovery.

Dealing with Adjustment Disorder: Tips and Strategies 

Coping with adjustment disorder involves building healthier emotional responses and strengthening resilience to stress. The strategies below can support emotional balance and help manage daily challenges:

• Practice mindfulness – Do meditation or breathing exercises to reduce stress. 

• Create a routine – Maintaining a structure helps with emotion regulation. 

• Seek social support – Socialising with loved ones promotes resilience. 

• Get moving – Exercise improves mood and general well-being. 

Trust Cadabam's for Expert Care in Adjustment Disorder Treatment 

Dealing with adjustment disorders requires professional guidance and support. At Cadabam's, specialised mental health professionals offer tailored treatment plans to help individuals regain their emotional stability. Through therapy, counselling, and holistic approaches, long-term recovery is ensured. If you or a loved one is struggling with an adjustment disorder, expert care is available to guide you towards recovery. 

If you are searching for a solution to your problem, Cadabam’s Rehabilitation Centre can help you with its team of specialised experts. We have been helping thousands of people live healthier and happier lives for 30+ years. We leverage evidence-based approaches and holistic treatment methods to help individuals effectively manage their Adjustment Disorders. Get in touch with us today. You can call us at +91 96111 94949. 

FAQ 

Can adjustment disorder resolve on its own without treatment? 

In some cases, adjustment disorder symptoms may improve as individuals adapt to stress. However, without proper coping strategies or support, distress can persist or lead to other mental health issues, making professional guidance beneficial for long-term emotional well-being. 

Is adjustment disorder temporary? 

Yes, adjustment disorder is typically temporary and resolves within six months after the stressor is removed. However, if stress persists or coping mechanisms are ineffective, symptoms may continue, increasing the risk of developing chronic anxiety or depression. 

How does adjustment disorder differ from anxiety or depression? 

Adjustment disorder is directly linked to a specific stressor and resolves once adaptation occurs. Anxiety and depression, however, are ongoing conditions that may not always be triggered by external events and often require long-term management. 

What are the key symptoms of adjustment disorder? 

Symptoms include excessive sadness, anxiety, irritability, social withdrawal, and behavioural changes. Physical symptoms like sleep disturbances and fatigue may occur. Unlike other disorders, symptoms appear within three months of a stressor and significantly impact daily functioning.